Middle East in Miniature - The flow of oil goes steadily onward in Nigeria despite the present secession crisis and the threat of war. The oil companies are caught in the eye of the trouble, for two-thirds of Nigeria's oil production comes from the east, the region that seceded from Nigeria last week and proclaimed itself the independent republic of Biafra. But so far neither Biafra nor the federal government has interfered with the production and export of oil. Under new federal rules, all tankers must now call at the federal port of Lagos before shipping to the east. The tankers stop outside the mouth of the harbor. A federal patrol boat pulls alongside. A naval officer climbs aboard the tankers. After a brief inspection, the officer gives it permission to move on to the east...

Makes Fools of Federal Military Ruler, Other Opponents in Nigerian Crisis - Lt. Col. C. Odumegwu Ojukwu is a roughly bearded young man with soft eyes and gentle tones and an unconcealed contempt for the men who oppose him in the present Nigerian crisis. There is a feeling in Lagos, the capital of Nigeria, that all these Nigerian troubles with the secessionist state of Biafra would go away if only its leader, Ojukwu, would also go away. The feeling is false. But it is worth recording because it reveals one of the problems in the crisis - the federal rulers know in their bones that Ojukwu has contempt for them. Ojukwu never tries to conceal it. For example, in a recent news conference for three British newspapers and the Los Angeles Times, Ojukwu belittled Lt. Col. Yakubu Gowon (he has since promoted himself to major general), the federal military ruler, as a man lacking intelligence, ability and control. The Ojukwu style of gentle but barbed contempt came through as he talked about Gowon...

Trek Through Former East Nigeria Filled With Maddening Obstacles, Newsmen Find - Agents of the breakaway state of Biafra have one main way of reaching the outside world - the 350-mile Enugu-to-Douala run. It is a tortuous, maddening race by helicopter, car, and plane on a route clogged with enormous obstacles, like rutted roads and pettifogging border officials. Isolation is one of the penalties paid by Biafra, the former Eastern Region of Nigeria, for secession. As part of its campaign to weaken the economy of Biafra, the federal government of Nigeria refuses to permit planes to fly in and out of the region. But Biafra wants its representatives rushing about Europe and the rest of Africa selling Biafra's case and soliciting business and recognition. They have to go out by the Enugu-to-Douala run. A London Times correspondent and I have just completed the run, a case study of the headaches and hazards of transportation and communication in some of the most remote, God-forsaken bush in all of Africa...

U.S. Officials Believe Nigeria Will Order Troops to Crush Secession of East Region - The hotels of Lagos are crammed this week with Americans evacuated from secessionist Biafra. It is hard to call them war refugees - young American mothers in flowery resort wear, tall, twisting teen-agers, fatcheeked, mischief-making kids, and infants squalling for a diaper change - but they are the most convincing sign in Nigeria today of the imminence of war. Despite attempts by the American Embassy to downgrade the significance of the evacuation of almost 1,000 women and children by a shuttling DC-6, it clearly means that U.S. officials believe Maj. Gen. Yakubu Gowon, the federal military ruler will soon order troops to invade Eastern Nigeria. That region seceded from the federation last week and proclaimed itself the independent republic of Biafra. For its part, the federal government, which has proclaimed its intent to crush the rebellion, refuses to give any hint of how it hopes to do so...

War Infatuation Breeds Casual Cruelty in Secessionist Eastern Area of Nigeria - The mood in the new secessionist state of Biafra is an odd blend of ugliness and boyish playfulness. The leaders of Biafra, once the Eastern region of Nigeria, feel their backs are up against the wall but, as their leader, Col. C. Odumegwu Ojukwu, put it in a recent interview, they are ready to defend themselves to the last man. These attitudes encourage a single-minded infatuation with war, an atmosphere ready to crackle with brutality and unreality. The mood of Biafra now reflects all this. I felt and saw the mood of Biafra the moment I stepped across the Niger River bridge from Asaba in Federal Nigeria to Onitsha in Biafra. A young, handsome Ibo wearing what looked like a prep school jacket and carrying a suitcase and a handbag, walked across the bridge at the same time...

Federal Leaders Plan Quick Victory but Endless Tribal Bloodshed May Lie Ahead - The federal military forces of Nigeria evidently hope to crush the rebellious state of Biafra with one swift march to Enugu, its capital. By classic military standards, they have every right to succeed, but few wars in Africa are fought in any classic military way. Instead of military victory, or defeat, the end result may be a nightmare of endless tribal bloodletting and chaos, much like the Congo. But, according to sources here, federal military leaders feel confident, perhaps overconfident, about their chances for quick victory, and that feeling will likely rule the next round of events in Nigeria. At the least, it means there will probably be no backing off from civil war by the federal government. On assessing the military situation, an observer has to remind himself continually about the meager numbers of soldiers involved. ..

Military Ruler Reportedly Determined to Destroy Secession of Area at Risk of War - All signs in Lagos Wednesday indicated that the federal military government of Nigeria is determined to destroy the secession of the Eastern Region, come what may, even a war and chaos. There seemed to be no bluff in the threat of Lt. Col. Yakubu Gowon, the federal military ruler, to try to crush the East, which proclaimed itself the independent republic of Biafra on Tuesday. According to reliable reports, a few thousand federal troops, almost all northerners, were waiting below the Benue River along the northwestern border of Biafra, hoping to strike at nearby Enugu, the capital of the East. Only a logistical buildup seemed to stand in the way of an attempt. Meanwhile, Gowon tried to harass the East by blockade and enforced isolation...

Officials Deny That Nation's New Reform Programs Are Fashioned After Peking's - When President Julius Nyerere nationalized the banks of Tanzania in February, the meaning of it all became quite clear to one European banker in neighboring Kenya, "Oh, my God," he said, "the Chinese have gotten to Julius." That exclamation, uttered in one form or another, has been the slogan of all those who see the roots of the new Tanzanian socialist program in a simplistic way - the sinister influence of Mao Tse-tung and his agents on innocent Nyerere. This notion is usually peddled by people outside Tanzania who have heard vaguely that there are some Chinese around. A visit to Tanzania and a round of talks with diplomats and Tanzanian officials drive home how ridiculous the notion is. The new Tanzanian socialist program belongs to Nyerere, not Mao. Of course, various people and events have influenced Nyerere in his thinking, and the Chinese are among them...

Nigeria, the largest country in Africa, split apart at dawn Tuesday when the Eastern region seceded and proclaimed itself the independent and sovereign Republic of Biafra. The act may mean civil war. Lt. Col. Yakubu Gowon, the head of the federal military government, denounced the secession "as an act of rebellion which will be crushed." He immediately ordered a general mobilization of troops and warned that Nigerians now face "considerable hardship and possible loss of life." There were unconfirmed reports that two battalions of federal troops have already moved toward the East. Gowon also ordered all foreign ships to stop calling at ports in the Eastern region. "Appropriate measures will be taken by the Nigerian navy," he added, thus hinting that he meant to blockade the East. According to reports from Enugu, the capital of the East, there was jubilation in the city as Lt. Col. Odumegwu Ojukwu, the military governor of the East, proclaimed the secession...

Eastern Nigeria hurled scathing personal insults at the supreme military ruler of Nigeria Monday but still kept itself part of the nation, compounding the confusion in the Nigerian upheaval. Some outsiders had predicted that Eastern Nigeria would pick Monday to secede from Nigeria - the first anniversary of a massacre of eastern Ibo tribesmen in the North. Ibo resentment at the north is a root cause of the current crisis. But Lt. Col. C. O. Ojukwu, military governor of the east, confined himself to a verbal torrent against Lt. Col. Yakubu Gowon, the head of the federal government, but Nigeria took no action to secede. Ojukwu, in his statement from Enugu, described Gowon's weekend declaration of a state of emergency as "dishonest, cowardly, and farcical." Gowon, when he issued his proclamation, also divided the four regions of Nigeria into 12 states. The east was divided into three...

Nationalization of the banks, President Julius Nyerere's first dramatic move toward socialism, has hurt the economy of Tanzania in the last three months but not by very much. There are dangers to the economy in Nyerere's socialism but they lie in more subtle and less dramatic areas than in the economics of banking. In the long run, for example, the program may waste scarce managerial skills and may sap initiative. Nyerere insists that his nationalization policies are less important than his other new policies - his pleas for Tanzanians to work hard and be self-reliant, his attack on elitism, his plans for rural development, and his restructuring of the educational system. He says one reason for nationalization was to get his people in the mood for the rest of his plans. But the seizure of the banks and several other firms in early February was so sudden that it has attracted more attention. Since nationalization, foreign firms and individuals have stopped or decreased investing in Tanzania...

Reforms Aimed at Halting Production of Elite Graduates Who Ignore Masses - President Julius Nyerere, a former teacher, is trying to revolutionize education in Tanzania so that it stops producing an elite graduate who turns his nose up at peasants, dreams of a big Mercedes, specializes in Tudor history and refuses to work with his hands. These graduates, the usual product of African educational systems, cripple African development because they fill important jobs in the government and then neglect the masses in the countryside and their economic problems. Nyerere, in trying to change Tanzanian education, faces a formidable job. The officials in the Ministry of Education, who are assigned the task of implementing Nyerere's ideas, are all members of the elite who are proud of their education and who fail to understand what Nyerere is talking about. Failure to carry out his ideas on education could undermine Nyerere's whole new program of Tanzanian socialism. Nyerere wants his people to develop the country through hard work in agriculture. And he wants the results to benefit all of Tanzania, not just a privileged elite group in Dar es Salaam. To do this, the education system must infuse students with new attitudes about work and development...

Julius Nyerere's Drive for Economic Growth Is Exciting, but Will It Work? African governments, admiring the presidential palaces and flashy hotels in their capitals, usually blind themselves to the searing realities of their woeful economic development. But not Tanzania. Tanzania has embarked on a program that faces squarely the forces that suck vitality from African development - elitism, corruption, dependence, laziness, neglect of agriculture, and foolish schooling. Since African governments can not blind themselves forever, the Tanzanian experiment is exciting and significant. Other countries will some day have to take on the problems that Tanzania is taking on now. But the experiment has severe problems of its own. It is largely the work of one man - President Julius Nyerere - who can analyze the trouble of his country with coldness and incisiveness. His lieutenants lack that gift...

Undersecretary of State Nicholas D. Katzenbach is flitting through Africa these days on a frenetic trip that covers 12 countries in 18 days. Does the trip make sense? The answer seems to be that the trip has some limited significance for both the United States and Africa and that it probably made more sense to go than to stay at home. Katzenbach and the men around him say that the trip, which ends this coming weekend, has two objectives: 1 - To demonstrate American interest in African affairs. 2 - To educate the undersecretary about the continent. Katzenbach is the highest ranking American to visit Africa during the Johnson administration. His visit may persuade some heads of state that President Johnson is just as sympathetic to Africa as President Kennedy was. But he probably will fail to persuade Africans below the top level of government. For one thing, few Africans understand the importance of Katzenbach's job. In Kenya, for example, the press and radio continually call him the undersecretary of state for African affairs...

General China, Once Reviled by Whites, Wins Respect of Sort Given Old Soldiers - General China, whose name once provoked revulsion and contempt from white men here, has just published his memoirs, like any old respected soldier. The event was another step in the rehabilitation of the image of the Mau Mau. Ten years ago, or even five years ago, it would have been inconceivable for General China to have launched his memoirs at a reception attended by ministers, ambassadors and respected publishers. General China, whose real name is Waruhiu Itote, was a leader of the Mau Mau fighters in the forests of Mt. Kenya from 1952 to 1954. Mau Mau had an image of bestiality and terror then. To Europeans and most Africans here, and in fact to most people throughout the world, Mau Mau meant a barbaric uprising by Kikuyu tribesmen in the 1950s against the white rulers of Kenya, an uprising that overstepped the normal bounds of insurrection because of stark primitiveness, the obscene savagery, the wild-eyed ruthlessness of the heathen natives. The image was painted vividly by Hollywood and Robert Ruark. Of course, the image had to change somewhat when Kenya became independent in 1963. After all, the new president, Jomo Kenyatta, had been convicted by the colonial courts of planning and leading the Mau Mau uprising...

NO LONGER PROSELYTIZER'S PARADISE - Independence in Africa has left the missionary far behind. While there are more missionaries in Africa now than ever before, they have less influence, power and privilege than ever before. Their great day is over. When missionaries first came to Africa in the 19th century, hacking their way through the brush in tse-tse fly and malaria country, the continent seemed to them a proselytizer's paradise - millions of black heathens wallowing in darkness, awaiting the light of western Christianity. Missionaries rushed in with light. In doing so, they often became the vanguard of imperialism. Missionary demands and needs were influential in persuading European powers to grab chunks of land in the scramble for Africa at the turn of the century. In later colonial days, missionaries dispensed the magic that enabled some Africans to adjust to the ways of the Europeans...

Bank Nationalization Political Rather Than Economic Measure, Nyerere Admits - President Julius Nyerere of Tanzania said he believes the U.S. government understands Tanzania's new march toward socialism - even though it includes nationalization of the banks. In an interview with The Times Friday, he said: "I don't know about the American people. But I know the U.S. government understands what is going on here. And all I ask from the big powers is understanding. Whatever else they give me is surplus." Asked why it matters that the United States understand him, Nyerere laughed and replied: "It matters because we are a little country and the United States is a powerful country. If the United States decided we were going over to the Chinese Communists, it could put a stop to what we are doing here. I know that." Nyerere revealed that he is receiving more than understanding from the United States...

The furore in Kenya over former American Ambassador William Attwood's book on Africa is less important than the forces that fanned it. Since Attwood's "The Reds and the Blacks," was published in the United States, the book has been denounced by the vice president of Kenya, the attorney general, the minister of agriculture, the country's ruling party, the opposition party, the new American ambassador and the editors of Nairobi's two main English-language newspapers. The chief complaint, in the words of Vice President Daniel Arap Moi, is that the book "outrages every code of personal and diplomatic good faith." Kenya officials are angry because Attwood repeats private conversations they had with him when he was ambassador to Kenya from 1964 to 1966. Attwood's successor, Ambassador Glenn W. Ferguson, believes this has made his job extremely difficult; Kenyans won't trust an American ambassador any more...

Attwood Accused of Violation of Ethics and Error in Judgment That May Hurt U.S. - In a rare moment of diplomatic family feuding in public, the American ambassador to Kenya Tuesday accused his predecessor, William Attwood, of a violation of ethics and an error of judgment for writing a book on Africa that may hurt the United States. The accusation by Ambassador Glenn W. Ferguson reflected the bitterness both in the Kenya government and in the U.S. Embassy here over the speed of Attwood in publishing his book, "The Reds and the Blacks," less than a year after he left the foreign service to become editor-in-chief of Cowles Communications, the publishers of Look magazine. On Sunday, for example, Kenya Attorney General Charles Njonjo said Attwood was guilty of "a of faith and confidence" for reporting his private conversations with Njonjo in the book. Njonjo said he would now be suspicious of diplomats. That suspicion, Njonjo said, would make the work of Attwood's successor, Ferguson, more difficult...

African Nation Believes Attention Can Block Somali Republic Aid to Guerrillas - Unlike most African countries, which like to pooh-pooh internal troubles, the government of Kenya is trying to end a guerrilla insurrection in the north by telling the world about it. Kenya believes that the guerrilla movement would disintegrate without help from the neighboring Somali Republic. Through an intense publicity and diplomatic campaign, Kenya hopes to pressure the Somali Republic into withdrawing its support from the guerrillas. That is why Kenya issued a white paper last week detailing four years of bloodshed in the northern frontier district, a desert wasteland that makes up one-fourth of the country but has only 200,000 people. At the same time, Kenya notified the United Nations that it may have to use its "inherent right of self defense" to halt what it called Somali aggression. More than half the people who live in the northern frontier district are nomads of Somali descent. For this reason, the Somali Republic looks on the Kenya district as a lost territory...

Charges Aggression on Northeast Border in White Paper Issued to U.N. Members - The Kenya government threatened war Tuesday if that is the only way to stop what it called aggression by the Somali Republic on the northeast border of Kenya. The threat came in a white paper issued by the Kenya government and distributed to every member of the United Nations. In the paper, Kenya said it was giving preliminary notice, under the United Nations charter, of its "inherent right of self defense" against aggression. With the threat, the long and bitter battling in Kenya's northern frontier district took a new turn. Until recently, Kenya has treated the fighting as a police action against what it called Shifta bandits. These were described as Somali inhabitants of northern Kenya in rebellion against the government...

But Outsiders Give Three-Man Panel of Presidents Little Chance to Succeed - Three African presidents will try this week to salvage the East African Common Market, once a proud symbol of African unity, now a harsh case study of the pitfalls and problems of economic union. Although official statements have brimmed with optimism lately, most outsiders here believe the presidents of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda have only a slight chance to succeed. At the most, the presidents are expected to sign a treaty cooperation that will proclaim continuation of the market while loading on enough restrictions to make it unwieldy or even unworkable. However, the presidents are expected to continue the East African Common Services Organization. Under this organization, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda share railways, postal services, an airline, research institutions, harbor management and other services...

African military rulers envision themselves as selfless soldiers working crisply and cleanly to lift their countries out of the morass of dirty politics. Unlike politicians, who must cater to petty interests in petty places, the soldiers believe they serve a higher code, a military code that puts honor and nation above self. The keynote for this was set by Lt. Gen. J.A. Ankrah, military ruler of Ghana, in early January when he welcomed the young officers who run Nigeria's federal government and four regional governments to a mediation conference in Aburi, Ghana. "We are soldiers," Ankrah told them, "and soldiers are always statesmen, not politicians." This is a myth, a foolish, fanciful, frivolous myth, and nowhere is it better demonstrated than here in Nigeria, a country ruled by soldiers now for 15 months. The soldiers are younger, more honest, more idealistic and more inexperienced than the politicians who came before, but they are pushed and shackled and inspired by the same political needs and demands, and they react in much the same way...

Hope for Return to a Strong Central Government Dim Due to Lack of Trust - It is a drab, thin strip of poster with four faces drawn on it and a few printed words, yet it tells all there is to know about the torment and tragedy of today's Nigeria. The poster presses against the window of most stores and offices in Enugu, the capital of Eastern Nigeria. Distributed by the Eastern government, the poster shows the faces of three men from the Ibo tribe, dominant tribe of the East. Just a few inches away is a fourth face, obviously a Hausa man from the Northern region. "This is your region," the poster says. "Report any strange face to the police." Tribal identity and tribal hatred overwhelm Nigeria. Nigerians no longer see each other as individuals, but as poster-drawn stereotypes of one tribe or another. The feelings are similar to those in Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s, or in Israel after World War II or in the Deep South after the 1954 Supreme Court decision on school desegregation. Hatred and distrust are racial and communal...

Petroleum Companies Put in Middle of Possible Economic Blockade or Civil War - Lt. Col. C. O. Ojukwu, the military governor of eastern Nigeria, a young man with a boyish face and a grizzly beard, smiled mischievously as he answered a question about oil and the Nigerian crisis, "The oil companies... poor chaps," he told his news conference in Enigu this week, "I feel very sorry for them because they are very likely be used as a Ping-Pong ball." The governor speaks of oil with authority. His father, the late Sir Odumegwu Ojukwu, was on the board of directors of the Shell-B.P. Petroleum Development Co., which produces 85% of Nigeria's oil. Nigeria is the fastest growing oil producer in the world with enormous potential both in quantity and, because of low sulphur content, quality...

Natives Are Confident, Ask No Outside Advice in Africa's Most Populous Nation - Nigerians may be at civil war soon. But does that matter? In an era when the news from Africa seems full of endless coups and rebellions and tribal massacres, why fret about another crisis? The answer is that everything about Nigeria matters. A case for the significance of Nigeria can be made on size, geography and resources. With 56 million people, it is the most populous country in Africa. The third largest country in size, its two ports of Lagos and Port Harcourt can command the Gulf of Guinea and its coast is the outlet for the 2,600-mile Niger River that flows through Guinea, Mali and Niger. Furthermore, it has suddenly become the 10th biggest oil producer in the world. But I am not talking about any of these cold facts when I say that Nigeria matters. Nigeria matters because Africa matters greatly in international affairs, and the ability - or inability - of Nigeria to reconcile its feuding tribal people will weigh heavily in the way Africa goes eventually...

Barricaded Ibo People Fearful, Angry; Prepared for Secession or Civil War - Logic may prove that civil war is impossible and unthinkable here, but logic means very little in Nigeria these days. Emotion reigns. Fear and bitter pride count for almost everything. The great cause of the present crisis is not political nor economic but psychological. The Ibo people were struck a shattering, murderous blow last year when thousands of them were massacred in the northern region of Nigeria. Most Ibos have fled home to Ibo land in the eastern region and barricaded themselves against the rest of Nigeria, So fearful and angry that they seem truculent, the Ibos distrust the federal government and want near-autonomy for their region. They are prepared, psychologically, for secession or even civil war...

The angry young men of Nigeria seem tired and subdued these days and not so young anymore. Five years ago, when I visited Lagos, they rushed from nightclub to nightclub, dancing the highlife and drinking and complaining, shouting abuse at politicians, accusing them of corruption, greed, nepotism, ignorance, inefficiency, sloth, lethargy. Their anger had excitement. One young man would pace back and forth and flap his arms in anguish over the sickness in his government. Their frustration was dramatic. "I am an angry young man," one told me, slamming his fist into his palm, "but I do not know what to do." When their frustration mounted, they would grow quiet and bitter, and talk vaguely about plots. Some day, they whispered, the army would put an end to all this...

Governor Says He's Pessimistic About Settlement - Maintaining "the grip around our throat is almost complete," the military governor of eastern Nigeria warned that his region is very close to secession from the Federation of Nigeria. The governor, Lt. Col. C.O. Ojukwu, spoke in soft and measured tones that rang now and then with sarcasm as he told newsmen he is pessimistic about any chances for a peaceful settlement of the Nigerian crisis. He said the federal government has rejected his suggestion for a mediation conference before four African heads of state - Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia, President William Tubman of Liberia, Lt. Gen. J.A. Ankrah of Ghana and President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt. He said such a conference was the last hope for a settlement. "If it is impossible," Col. Ojukwu said, "Then I think my worst fears will be realized. I believe it has the only chance of getting us together. If that chance is lost, then the whole business is finished, and a split is inevitable..."

While visiting remote villages of Senegal, I have rarely seen a photograph of Leopold Senghor. Almost no one mentions his name. I doubt if more than a handful know who he is. He happens to be president of Senegal, president of their nation. But what does that word "nation" mean? Almost nothing to a remote villager in Senegal. He's loyal to his tribe. He knows there's some kind of strange government far off in a big city. But, as long as the government leaves him alone, he can take it or leave it. He never salutes its flag or sings its anthem or tacks up a picture of its president. This phenomenon in Senegal is a familiar one in Africa. Almost all African nations are nations in name only. Their people lack a sense of nationalism, a sense of loyalty to the central government, a sense of kinship with all other people who live in the country. This is a sore problem for African leaders trying to weld united countries out of tribes, religions and regions...

Economic Moves Mark Dangerous Rivalry of Federal Officials, Eastern Leaders - The contending forces in Nigeria are averting a civil war these the days by playing a "chess game" of economic move and countermove instead of propaganda stab and counterstab. As long as the "chess game" continues, there is hope for peace in Nigeria. The danger is that one side, may misjudge the mood of the other and overplay, upsetting the game and peace. But most observers here believe that neither the federal government nor the region of Eastern Nigeria wants war. And, at least in Lagos, the news is full of hints of attempts at bringing the divided parties together. On Wednesday, for example, the chief of staff of the army said the federal government of Lt. Col. Yakuba Gowon would not use force to end the crisis. And he added that efforts were being made "behind closed doors" to solve it...

Heavy-Handedness of French, Controlled Election, Nationalism Seeds of Violence - It's easy to blame the French for bloodshed in Djibouti, but harder to figure out a way to avoid it. French pride and heavy-handedness played a big role in the events that led to Monday's rioting and shooting. The day ended with French troops killing at least 12 Africans in tiny French Somaliland, last French colony in Africa. The city was quiet Tuesday and Wednesday, as French troops patrolled the streets. But even without French pride and heavy-handedness, there might have been killing, if not in Djibouti, then elsewhere in this eastern tip of Africa. There is little room to maneuver among the fierce currents of tribalism and nationalism here. The French set up a sham election for independence and then put down the protests with brute force. There were three main reasons for this...

Sources Assert Armed Troops Not in Uniform Cross Border After Bloody Riots - Informed sources reported Tuesday that small bands of Somali Republic soldiers have crossed the border into French Somaliland. According to the reports, the soldiers entered this French colony Monday night, hours after French troops fired into crowds of rioting Africans, killing at least 11. The reports said the soldiers, in bands of 15, were without uniforms but armed. There was no estimate of the total number. French troops at the border were reportedly trying to capture the Somali infiltrators. There was no report, however, on their success. French troops were also busy Tuesday rounding up Somalis and trucking them to a detention camp on the outskirts of Djibouti...

French troops Monday fired into crowds of Africans rioting against the results of a referendum on independence in this last French colony in Africa. At least 11 Africans were killed, and 30 were reported wounded. The violence burst the tense calm of the city soon after the government announced that the voters of French Somaliland had rejected independence Sunday in favor of continued French colonial status. The troops, particularly marines and foreign legionnaires, quickly restored the city to quiet after the bloodshed. The Somali quarter of the city, cordoned by barbed wire and patrolled by troops, took on the air of a desolate concentration camp, silent except for the braying of donkeys, motionless except for frightened Africans rushing homeward. But the violence foreshadowed trouble for France. Despite the referendum returns, it is clear that most of the 125,000 people who live in the territory want independence from France...

Referendum Could Reflect Minority Wish Since Many Residents Aren't Citizens - The voters of French Somaliland, the last French colony in Africa, are expected to reject independence today in favor of continued rule by France. The results of the referendum, however, may not reflect the desires of the majority of the people who live in French Somaliland. The electoral procedures work in a way that benefits the Danakils, a minority tribe that fears independence and wants the protection of France. But, whether fair or not, a vote for continued French rule could ease tensions in this eastern tip of Africa, at least for a while. It is hard to believe that an independent French Somaliland would stay independent very long, for it is a little piece of hot desert land on the Red Sea with nothing productive but the busy port of Djibouti. Its two large neighbors, Ethiopia and the Somali Republic, claim it as their own and are ready to go to war over it...

Internal Trouble Weakening Empire Just as It Faces Crisis With Somali Republic - Guerrilla insurrections are growing more intense in Ethiopia, weakening the empire just as it faces a crisis that could lead to war with the Somali Republic. The internal trouble, in fact, may help avert war by making Ethiopia more cautious in its dealings with the Somali Republic. The crisis centers on Sunday's referendum in French Somaliland, a nub of coastal land between Ethiopia and the Somalia Republic. The tiny territory will decide whether it wants independence or continued French control. If the French withdraw, the territory of 82,000 people may find itself too weak economically to stay independent very long. But the Somali Republic, which claims the territory as its own, says it will never tolerate Ethiopian control. And Ethiopia, which depends heavily on the territory's port of Djibouti, says it will never tolerate Somali control...

Coping With Help Becomes Big Economic Problem; Little Shown for Millions Spent - This nation receives more foreign aid per person than any other underdeveloped country in Africa and shows almost nothing for it. The country is about as poor as it was when all the aid started. In fact, coping with aid has become a major economic problem. "Our problem is how to make use of the aid we have now," said Prime Minister Abdirazak Haji Hussein in an interview, "not get more of it." "It's easy to receive aid," he continued, "but it's not equally easy to make use of it." Abdirazak said foreign aid had created burdens for the country because Somalis - almost 90% illiterate - often lack the managerial skills and the capital to use and run plants, equipment, and other gifts. In addition, loans make up 42% of the foreign aid, and this country has difficulty repaying them...

Vote Could Bring War Between Somali, Ethiopia - The forces of Somali nationalism, Ethiopian economics and French imperialism are colliding here in the Horn of Africa. It could mean war. The catalyst may be a referendum next Sunday in tiny French Somaliland. The voters will decide whether they want independence or continued French control. French withdrawal would leave a vacuum, drawing in Ethiopia and the Somali Republic - two bitter and pugnacious neighbors. There are reports that troops of both countries have already moved toward the French Somaliland border. War could embarrass and involve both the United States and the Soviet Union. U.S. military aid props up the 40,000-man Ethiopian army, while Russian aid does the same for the Somali army of 8,500 to 10,000. In the Somali Republic, in fact, feelings against the United States are intense and strident, particularly in the north...

French Somaliland Could Become Theater of War if Citizens Vote for Independence - The prime minister of Somalia disclosed Monday that he has moved troops toward French Somaliland, countering what he called a huge massing of Ethiopian troops near there. Prime Minister Abdirazak Haji Hussein described his troops as "few - just a symbolic presence," but he also said Somalia will not hesitate to intervene if Ethiopian troops march into French Somaliland. The remarks of Abdirazak, made in an interview, raised the possibility of war in the eastern tip of Africa. However, most observers here believe the possibility is slim. Trouble is likeliest if French Somaliland votes itself independent of France in the plebiscite March 19, and even Abdirazak - who supports independence in French Somaliland - doubts that the French dependency will vote a clean break...

FIRST 10 YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE WERE DISAPPOINTING - The first decade of African independence comes to a close tomorrow. The ten years began in heady, high anticipation. Now there's sober disappointment almost everywhere. Elitism, poor agricultural development, tribalism, weak political institutions, and disunity have marred the early promise. The disappointment is deepened because the early promise was overblown. People expected too much of Africa. They didn't understand it. They didn't realize the depth of its problems. Viewed against Africa's enormous poverty, its harsh land, its debilitating climate, its hardened ways, you can discern some success during the last 10 years. Africa has inched forward. That's a substantial achievement. The decade began on March 6, 1957, when Kwame Nkrumah led the British Gold Coast to independence. The new country, called Ghana, was the first British colony to win independence in tropical Africa...

Romantic Air Solidifies Smith Regime and Encourages Single-Minded Position - White Rhodesians like to evoke a romantic air these days, linking themselves to heroic times of the past. "This is our Dunkirk," they will say, or "our 1776," or even "our Battle of Thermopylae." War is their favorite image. A prim, dour financier tells you proudly: "There's been no bloodshed but this is war." His tone brings back the days when men associated war with valor and glory, not slaughter and terror. This air of romance works to solidify the white government of Prime Minister Ian Smith in its defiance of Britain and the United Nations. The atmosphere encourages extreme positions and single-mindedness. People who believe they are fighting for a heroic cause are determined to have their way - and their way now is independence under white control, no matter what the cost, no matter how much sanctions may hurt some day. Rhodesians seem to relish their extreme positions...

New Draft Constitution by Smith Regime Expected to Perpetuate White Domination. The rebellion of 250,000 white Rhodesians against Britain is so dramatic it is easy to forget that 4 million Africans also live in Rhodesia. It is especially easy to forget in Salisbury, a modern city of 315,000 that looks like a city in the western United States, with new office buildings, crowded shops and wide streets. The Africans, who make up more than half the city's population, work at little-noticed jobs during the day and disappear into their townships on the rim of the city at night. The Negro presence in Salisbury is never obtrusive. Yet Rhodesia and Salisbury are part of Africa - a fact that may be decisive as far as Rhodesia's future is concerned...

But Sanctions, Inflationary Threat Not Enough to Topple Smith Regime at Present - Sanctions are beginning to depress the economy of Rhodesia but not enough to bring the government down or change its policies in the foreseeable future. Now, two months after the United Nations joined Britain in imposing sanctions on Rhodesian exports, the strains on the economy still cause no real hardship to the average white Rhodesian. Some businessmen and financiers are uneasy about the future - they see the potential of runaway inflation - but only when they look several years ahead. This means that, for some time to come, the government of Prime Minister Ian D. Smith can continue to defy Britain and the United Nations with almost the solid backing of white Rhodesians. Beyond that, nothing is clear...

Resettlement in White Highlands Going Well; Agricultural Income Increased - Black African settlers are proving they can farm successfully here in the old White Highlands of Kenya, once a bastion and symbol of white supremacy in Africa. Total agricultural income here has increased over the past five years - the more remarkable when it is considered that more than one sixth of the land formerly worked as large plantations by white settlers has been given to black settlers. Some 30,000 African farmers have been resettled on 1,000 European farms totaling more than 1 million acres in the highlands. Their difficulties have been enormous. Inexperience, incompetence, corruption and politics have hampered the program - but the black farmers, on the whole, have made a go of it. This constitutes one of the most promising and hopeful recent developments in all of Africa. Their success here is dramatic, for the White Highlands were once closed to African freeholders...

Countries Often Waste Money, Equipment Through Lack of Organizational Ability - Foreign aid often fails in Africa because everyone thinks big when they should think small. Now there are faint signs of a change. Most important, the United States has decided to revamp its African aid policy. There may be smaller visions in the new look. In the past, U.S. officials, acting as if they were back home, have sometimes blinded themselves to the frailties and limitations of African governments. In West Cameroon, for example, the Agency for International Development (AID) gave the Ministry of Community Development six pieces of road-building equipment a few years ago. The gift was a meager one by American standards worth several thousand dollars but it overwhelmed the ministry and almost destroyed it...

The United States is changing its old ways of giving aid to Africa. Money will now flow to a few favored countries. For the rest, in the main, it will be slowly cut off. No official announcement has been made of the new policy. But bits and snatches have been revealed by State Department and Agency for International Development (AID) officials in private conversation and public speeches. The President's recent budget message to Congress had a passing reference to the new policy. The details can now be pieced together. Besides concentrating on a few countries, the United States will try to put some of its aid into regional economic projects that could help unify areas of the splintered continent. There also will be an attempt to channel some American aid through international organizations like the African Development Bank. To implement the new policy, the United States will spend less money than before...

President Julius Nyerere of Tanzania is trying to have his economic cake and eat it, too. He ended a week-long nationalization takeover Monday with an appeal for more private investment. His appeal appeared in a special article for the East African Standard, the English language daily read by most Western businessmen in Nairobi. Nyerere maintained that his nationalization of banks and other businesses in the last week had cleared the air. Investors now knew they could invest in everything else with confidence, he wrote. Nyerere also said that his country now had nothing to fear from private investment because the important things had been nationalized. "The key positions of the economy have been secured for the nation in the same way, as during a war, an army occupies the sites which dominate the countryside," Nyerere said. "We can now welcome the enterprise of private investors without reservations, because we no longer have any cause to fear the effect of their activities on our social purpose." Nyerere's appeal is likely to fall on deaf ears...

African governments like to document their march to development with dramatic statistics on education, but the truth is education often hurts Africa more than it helps. African school systems, grafted on to Africa from Britain and France, produce too many parrot-like rote learners who refuse to dirty their hands. They are of little use to developing economies that need creative men with initiative and the will to work hard. Moreover, in some countries, the supply of educated young men exceeds the number of jobs. Cities like Lagos, Nigeria, have thousands of schooled young men who can't get a white collar job but refuse to take any other. Despite this, African governments continue to expand their education systems and spout statistics...

New Kenya Immigration Bill Will Define Aliens' Rights, and Is Aimed at Indians - There are 358,000 Indians and Pakistanis in East Africa who face an uncertain and possibly tragic future. African jealousy of Indian success in business and the Asians' own past attitude of superiority toward the Africans has shaken the lives of the Pakistani and Indian traders since independence came to Africa. Two personal incidents underline their predicament. Five years ago, before independence, I cashed a check in a Nairobi bank and waited while an African apprentice clerk labored over the transaction. His Asian supervisor stood behind, impatient, scowling, sneering, shrugging - his every gesture telling me, "These Africans will never learn." Then I recently accompanied a young African into a duka, as rural Asian shops are called. The African sipped his soda and suddenly bust into a tirade. "Where is your money hidden?" he shouted at the Asian shopkeeper...

President Julius Nyerere ordered his government to take over all banks in Tanzania Monday, proving again that he's one African leader who follows up his flowery words with deeds no matter what the cost. The cost this time will be difficult to measure. But the action demonstrates that Nyerere meant exactly what he said Sunday when he announced Tanzania's new march toward socialism. According to Nyerere, Tanzania will follow its nationalization of banks by taking over all land, forests, mines, water property, oil refineries, electric power plants, communications, transport, insurance firms and other big industries in the country. Nyerere said he had nationalized the banks first because "money was more important than other things.' He announced no timetable for taking over the rest...

Stanley Meisler, former Peace Corps deputy director for evaluation and research and Associated Press correspondent in Washington, D.C., Monday, was named chief of the Los Angeles Times news bureau in sub-Sahara Africa, now located in Nairobi, Kenya. Meisler, 33, succeeds Don Shannon, who has been transferred to The Times' Tokyo bureau following two years in Leopoldville, The Congo. The Leopoldville office has been closed. Meisler began his newspaper career with the Middletown (Ohio) Journal in 1953. He moved to the AP bureau in New Orleans a year later and to the Washington bureau in 1958. Meisler covered the House of Representatives prior to his appointment as a Peace Corps official in 1964. Awarded Ford Foundation Fellowship in 1961, Meisler spent a year traveling in Africa, followed by graduate studies in African affairs at UC Berkeley. He has written articles on Africa for Atlantic Monthly, the Reporter, the Nation and other magazines. A native of New York City, Meisler was graduated from City College of New York in 1952.

I have spent a good deal of the past five years reading reams about Africa, some of it informing, some of it nonsense. David Hapgood’s book has more sense than all the rest. This is not unexpected. Those of us who have met Hapgood, or have read his newsletters and magazine articles, have long known that he leaves all the academicians and other journalists far behind. Few Americans understand Africa the way he does. The university professors who trek through Africa tend to see it through the prism of their own pet theories. The embassy men tend to see it as a giant continent cracked by the cold war into one part that adulates John F. Kennedy and another that cheers Chou En-lai. The newsmen tend to see it through the whispers of the elegant elite, sipping brandy and ginger in the hotel lobbies of the capitals. Hapgood, a former New York Times writer who spent two years in Africa as a fellow of the Institute of Current World Affairs, looks at Africa with a cold eye and tough mind. He enjoys Africa, he feels it, even loves it, but he is not taken in...

In 1963, during a Security Council debate on apartheid, Adlai Stevenson announced dramatically that the United States had banned all sale of arms to the Republic of South Africa. The step had been taken, he said, to show America’s deep concern that South Africa refused to abandon its racist policies. In March of this year, a reactor went critical at a research center near Pretoria, and South Africa joined the nuclear age. The feat was made possible by the firm that designed and built the equipment: Allis-Chalmers of Milwaukee. Juxtaposed, the two events drive home some little-known truths about America and apartheid. The United States, while mouthing its disdain for the Afrikaan regime, is an accelerator of the economic boom that insures the Verwoerd government’s confidence and self-righteousness. As an investor in South Africa and as a trading partner, the United States is outranked only by Great Britain. The investments and the volume of trade rise month by month. Seeing this growing American entanglement, South Africa takes with a grain of salt any rude comments that may come from official American sources...

No other despot in the world has the romance and regality of His Imperial Majesty, Haile Selassie I, Conquering Lion of Judah, Elect of God, King of Kings and Emperor of Ethiopia. This bronzed, slight, 72-year-old man, with curled gray hair and crinkled brow, has survived a lifetime of struggle emerging as Emperor in an era of brutal court intrigue, defending his land against the mustard gas and bombers of the Fascists, trying to modernize his medieval empire without revolution. A legend has been fashioned that describes him as an absolute yet incorruptible monarch, ruling with benevolence, not fear alone. Leonard Mosley’s book adds weight - in many ways, convincing weight - to the legend. Mosley is a British newsman and novelist who has spent much time in the Middle East and East Africa. His tone is respectful, admiring but not fawning. Mosley long ago made a hero of the little man who appealed in vain to the conscience of the League of Nations. But this does not blind him to the blemishes in the portrait...

Medicare will be “the most sweeping new departure in American Social legislation since Roosevelt’s Social Security Act thirty years ago.” That description, culled from one of the many news accounts of House passage of the bill, already has deadened into a cliché. All analysts have accepted the fact of medicare’s great impact, but very few have bothered to delve into the details of that impact. How will America and medicine change after medicare? Only a fool would try to predict this with certainty. A bill, especially one 296 pages long, has byways and tremors and lurking commas that can twist society in a manner no one anticipates. Yet some trends can be spotted ahead of time. Medicare has the potential to confirm doctors’ fears that federal pressures will change the way they practice medicine. It also has the potential to stuff a financial bonanza into the pockets of America’s fat-cat doctors...

THE DIFFICULTIES for Republican representatives who want a more progressive look for their party were dramatically illustrated at the House Republican Conference on January 14. First, the conference kept a conservative monopoly on the leadership by rejecting the bid of moderate Peter Frelinghuysen, Jr., of New Jersey to replace Leslie C. Arends of Illinois as party whip. Then, with a standing ovation, the conference welcomed into its ranks Albert W. Watson, the South Carolina Democrat who resigned from his party after House Democrats had deprived him of committee seniority for supporting Barry Goldwater. The message of the two acts was quite emphatic because of the rebuke to the new minority leader, Gerald R. Ford, Jr., of Michigan, who had recommended Frelinghuysen in order to give the outnumbered liberals and moderates some voice in policymaking. For liberals, particularly those belonging to an informal group known as the Wednesday Club, the episode shattered any illusion that they had gained strength as a result of the disaster suffered by the party last November 3. The Frelinghuysen rejection, in fact, was an ungracious slap at the Republicans who survived the Johnson landslide with the most ease...

One night in steaming, gamboling Lagos, a young Nigerian poet leaned forward and whispered, "Nigeria is made up of a caste of corruption on the top and a caste of grumblers on the bottom." A friend joined in. "The grumblers are angry." "No," the poet disagreed. "They are not angry yet. They still have too much." These words caught the mood of a generation in Africa. Almost every new nation in Africa has a strident class of educated men in their twenties and thirties muttering about corruption in high places, impatient with the pace of government, incensed at the lingering trappings of colonialism, embittered, frustrated, ready to claw at their government. Yet, for the most part, while they mutter and curse they never do more. For one thing, they are strapped by a paradox...

Old Ben Franklin, ambassador to France during the American revolution, peered out his window early one morning and took in the Paris sun light. "Why are we not taking advantage of all this daylight?" he is supposed to have said. The philosopher and scientist then picked up his quill pen and scratched out a study that showed the immense number of candles that Paris would save if it changed its clocks to gain extra daylight in the summer. With these scratches, Franklin reputedly first outlined the idea that led to the 20th-century daylight saving time system that brings confusion and controversy to America every year. Millions of Americans in 15 states switched from daylight time back to standard Saturday. To some, the time-switching means little, except the twice-annual struggle to remember to juggle their clocks. But others are hotly concerned over the time-switching, and are demanding an end to it. They do battle with the defenders of daylight saving time...

Lie Detectors - The Industry, the Technology and the Victims. The first lie detector, employed centuries ago, was a handful of rice dropped into the mouth of a suspect. If the rice stayed dry while he answered questions, he clearly was a liar — exposed under the questionable theory that a liar's salivary glands would dry up when gripped by fear. The lie detector used most commonly today is far more sophisticated. Developed by the psychologist and criminologist Leonard Keeler almost forty years ago, it comprises a pneumatic tube that fits across a subject's chest to measure breathing, an inflatable rubber cuff that wraps around the arm to measure blood pressure and a pair of electrodes that touch the fingers and, by the flow of current, measure the dampness of the palm. These instruments activate pens that draw wiggles and waves on a rolling sheet of paper — a process that gives the lie detector its modern name, polygraph, Greek for "many writings." In theory, an examiner can look at the chart, note any unusual wiggles and waves, and nab his man. This polygraph, obviously more complicated than a few grains of rice, is also touted as more accurate. In truth, it is not...

A month after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, an Army colonel testified before Congress that the deed might harm the Army's civilian marksmanship program. "I think that this terrible tragedy did have a tremendous impact upon marksmanship in the United States, and in this way, it focused the attention of all American citizens on the weapon that was used in the commission of that crime - the gun," Colonel John K. Lee, Jr., told the House Appropriations subcommittee on Defense. "The public sentiment is against it as a tool . . . There is a feeling of revulsion against the instrument which caused a tragedy of this sort." Colonel Lee made it clear that he did not share this revulsion: "To me, a gun . . . in itself never commits any act, wrong or right, but is controlled by the people who handle it." Almost all of the Congressmen present indicated that they agreed with the irrelevant logic of this cliché. Colonel Lee's testimony took only a few minutes and covered only $500,000 or so during days of hearings on the $50 billion Department of Defense budget. But his comments on the assassination attracted some attention and so drew notice to a little-known segment of Army life – its program of distributing guns and ammunition to civilians and training the recipients in their use...

A peculiar American disease has been isolated by medical scientists. The disease was first described in 1960 by Dr. J. V. Brown in the Western Journal of Surgery. An editorial in the Journal of the American Medical Association then drew wide medical attention to it. Commercial houses are now marketing products designed to cope with it. Statistics on incidence and morbidity are scanty, and the name of the disease is hazy. Some doctors call it “the fast draw syndrome”; others, “the Dodge City syndrome.” But whatever the name, it is with us. It is most prevalent, of course, among the numerous special gun clubs that have sprouted across the land in recent years. Members, taking a leaf out of days of yore and some scripts of today, draw guns from their holsters, quick as lightning, and fire away. Unlike their legendary heroes, they don’t shoot at one another but aim at balloons. Sometimes, though, they miss the balloon and hit themselves in the right foot...

AN OLD FRIEND, encountering Representative Wilbur D. Mills in a Washington restaurant recently, reached out and squeezed the Arkansas congressman's arm. "Does it feel sore?" he asked. Mills showed a trace of a smile. "I haven't felt anything yet," he replied. Behind the jest was a serious issue: whether Lyndon B. Johnson, for all his Congressional arm-twisting, can persuade Mills to accept the principle of medical care for the aged financed through Social Security or a similar payroll-tax plan. This would represent a breakthrough for Medicare supporters, and might just be enough to send the program through Congress this year. There are many reasons why Medicare has never been approved, but the main obstacle has been Mills. As chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, where all Social Security and tax bills must originate, Mills has blocked a bill from the House floor for seven years. Although Mills has repeatedly turned aside administration pleas, there have been recent reports, perhaps based more on hope than on substance, that his opposition to the Social Security approach of the King-Anderson Medicare bill is softening...

The Alliance for Progress, whatever it signifies for Latin America, has meant for American labor an alliance with government and big business. American labor has never minced words about the unions of the Soviet Union. “The so-called trade unions in the USSR,” the AFL-CIO Executive Council has proclaimed, “are nothing but agencies of the Communist dictatorship.” The implication, sharp and clear, has always been: Unions of America are anything but agencies of government and big business. That has been a pride of American labor, but the new alliance raises questions that may make that pride ring a bit hollow. British Guiana is a good place to begin. American Government, business and labor have never been happy with the leftist administration of Cheddi Jagan that took office after the August, 1961, elections in the British colony. American woes and worries have multiplied with the approach of independence. The AFL-CIO boasts of its part in helping the trade unions there battle the Jagan government. “In British Guiana,” said a recent union advertisement, ‘‘the AFL-CIO has rendered generous aid to the free trade unions resisting the attempt of the pro-Communist Jagan regime to destroy their independence.” On the surface, American labor has moved into British Guiana to help brother unions fight communism. But the situation in British Guiana is far more complicated than that, and its “generous aid” has involved the AFL-CIO in racial and political strife. In addition, not all the aid given by the AFL-CIO has come from the labor treasury...

For most of his years under the lights of Washington, Barry Goldwater of Arizona has sported the guise of a hard-hitting, sure-thinking Republican who speaks his mind without blur or fuzz or fudge. “Much of his popular appeal,” wrote biographers Rob Wood and Dean Smith two years ago, “centers around his willingness to stand firm on his beliefs, and to speak frankly - even bluntly - no matter what the cost.” Even as late as last August, Russell Kirk, the sage of the National Review, could write, “he has a mind calculated to arrive at hard decisions without dangerous vacillation.” Goldwater’s views always have evoked the same journalistic vocabulary: decisiveness, ring of action, no pussyfooting. In recent weeks, however, this rock image has begun to flake. Newsmen have started the inevitable comparison of recent pronouncements and found them clashing. Goldwater simply is not saying the same things he said so surely one, two or three years ago, or he is saying them with far less sureness in his tone...

[The tax bill which has cleared the House and now awaits Senate action involves far more than a cut in tax rates. It is a complicated measure involving many other changes. Here are some questions and answers on how it might affect you.] The tax bill approved yesterday by the House would reduce income taxes by $11,000,000,000 for the nation as a whole. If the Senate passes it in its present form, what will the measure do for you? Here are answers to some of the questions a puzzled taxpayer might be raising: Question - Will this mean more money in my pocket? Answer - The Treasury Department says "virtually every American taxpayer" will pay less taxes if the bill is approved by Congress. Q. - How much more money? A. - That depends on your income. For example, the Treasury figures that average tax reductions for those in the $5,000-$10,000 income range will be about 20 percent. Using percentages, the biggest tax cuts will go to those earning less than $10,000 a year. But, whatever the percentage, those with high salaries will usually get more dollars in their pocket than those with lower salaries...

Harry and Sadie, a mythical American couple have pencils in hand trying to figure out how much they will save if Congress vote for a tax cut. A tax bill comes before the House on Tuesday. If the House passes it and then the Senate passes it and President Kennedy signs it - and no one changes it along the way - this is what a tax cut will mean. Harry, a schoolteacher, earns $6000 a year. Sadie, in her spare moments while taking care of two children, makes and sells dresses to neighbors for a profit of $1500 a year...

No Evidence of Any Effect on Congress - The historic civil rights march on Washington - massive and orderly and moving - has dramatized the wants of Negroes in America, but leaders still faced the task today of trying to turn drama into action. Speaker after speaker told the 200,000 Negro and white sympathizers massed in front of the Lincoln Memorial Wednesday that their demonstration was no more than a beginning. 'Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content,' said the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., 'will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual.' Demonstrators and their leaders made it clear that one sign of progress, in their view, would be congressional approval of President Kennedy's civil rights bill...

The civil rights marchers may not see it all, but this is a city nerved by power, lined with marble, vibrant with areas of beauty and blighted by contrasting areas of squalor. It is a city of great monuments and slums, of complex law and petty crime, of history and lethargy. To the 100,000 or more civil rights marchers expected here Wednesday, Washington will be a symbol of national power, a capital where men and women petition for redress of grievance. They will gather at the base of the soaring Washington Monument, the center of a vast complex of greenery and marble, a monument that looks east to the Capitol, north to the White House, west to the Lincoln Memorial and south to the Jefferson Memorial and the Tidal Basin rimmed with cherry trees. Then they will march a few blocks down huge avenues and across parklands to the Lincoln Memorial, a temple in the style of the Parthenon in Greece. These are the symbols of government and beauty and history that draw almost 5 million tourists to Washington each year. But Washington has other faces, too...

Is President Kennedy’s legislative program stuck in the bogs of Congress? Some critics say so. The White House and Democratic leaders say it isn’t. Congress has passed July 31 - the suggested legal date for adjournment - with only a few bills of substance to show for it. This session will go on at least to Thanksgiving and perhaps to Christmas, the longest spell since the Congress of 1950. “It seems to me that on the basis of the record to date” said Sen. Jacob K Javits, R-N.Y., in a recent Senate speech “we are assigning ourselves a unique niche in history as the biggest and longest running, slow-motion show to hit Washington in years. And I believe we are in grave danger of seeing ourselves dubbed the 'standstill' Congress, or worse. ” Speaker John W. McCormack of Massachusetts disagrees...

On July 4, the National Armory in Washington looked like every Goldwater fan’s dream of a Republican national convention: pretty girls and blaring bands and bunting and flags and hotdogs and spotlights and college kids and TV stars and gay placards and enormous portraits and cowbells and hooters and laughers; and everyone united for one man, not there, named Goldwater. The occasion was the National Draft Goldwater Independence Day Rally, staged by the National Draft Goldwater Committee to convince everyone (including Goldwater) that Barry means business. At the least, the committee convinced reporters and politicians in Washington that it knew how to run a show. This is a feat sure to impress people in this town and to keep the committee above the “bunch of amateurs” class. The conservative Republicans bent on nominating Goldwater would have lost face badly if the show had deteriorated into a hoarse, shoving melee, but things ran smoothly and with decorum. The committee, headed by Texas Republican Chairman Peter O’Donnell, Jr., had planned for weeks. Hotel reservations were set up for thousands of visitors. Suggestions for placards, were issued (DON’T TARRY- GO BARRY, JFK - WE WILL BARRY YOU)...

For the first time, the United States is at the door of the International Monetary Fund as a borrower. Few people prophesied this when the Fund was founded at the United Nations Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. But obviously times have changed. The United States which had huge supplies of gold in the early postwar period, has found its supplies dwindling. That is why President Kennedy told Congress Thursday that the United States has been authorized to draw up to $500 million worth of currencies from the Fund this year. This transaction is a classic example of how a nation uses the Fund when it has a balance of payments problem. That's what the Fund is for, and other countries have been using it for years. The United States has a balance of payments problem because it sends more dollars overseas than it takes in...

Investigators of the Securities and Exchange Commission criticized the mechanics and policing of America's stock exchanges Wednesday and recommended dozens of sweeping changes. The scope of the criticism and the proposals was unexpected. The recommendations would do away with personal floor trading, put more restrictions on stock specialists and odd-lot traders, and give the SEC more supervision over the vast over-the-counter market in the United States. William L. Cary, chairman of the SEC, sent the five-volume, 14-pound, 2100-page report to Congress. "We expect to send a letter within the next few clays detailing our views on the specific recommendations," he told Congress. But Cary did say: "This report should not impair public confidence in the securities markets, but should strengthen it as suggestions for raising standards are put into practice." Prices on the New York Stock Exchange slumped badly as soon as the news from the capital reached New York. Some traders on Wall Street said they were shocked at the proposals...

A month ago, three college educated Negroes received promotions in the Dallas, (Tex.), Post Office. What pushed them ahead — ability or the color of their skins? The promotion of the three set off a tempest in Dallas and in Washington. Some critics cried discrimination against whites. This Dallas controversy may be a harbinger of things to come, for tempests like it may brew again and again in the Negro struggle for better jobs and better conditions. Representative Alger, Republican of Texas, who represents Dallas, says the promotions there show that, “in a direct appeal to racial prejudice and in an effort to submit to threats of violence, the administration has ordered that Civil Service procedures be ignored and promotions made strictly on the basis of race." Clarence Mitchell, Washington representative of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, dismisses this argument. “The Dallas promotions.” he says, “were just one of those things where the Government is trying to correct an inequity.”

Negroes have less chance than whites to get a high-paying job in the North, but most employers and unions deny this stems from racial discrimination. Negro leaders generally contend it does. In Chicago, for example, they say that hardly anyone downtown hires Negroes as office workers, store clerks, or skilled craftsmen. "The Loop of Chicago looks like a snowstorm at 5 o'clock," says Hamp McKinney of the Urban League of Chicago, "with only here and there a little brown speck in it." But employers and unions say that situations like this are not caused by racial discrimination. They say there are not enough qualified Negroes to fill the jobs available. Negro charges of job discrimination have flamed into one of the most searing problems in the North, where almost half of America's 19 million Negroes live...

President Kennedy asked members of Congress on Wednesday to look into their hearts and help end "rancor, violence, disunity and national shame" by passing the most sweeping civil rights bill since Reconstruction days. And he told them to stay in session this year until they do so. His proposals drew a favorable reaction in Congress. But Southerners served notice of a filibuster and threatened to tie up his entire legislative program. Liberal forces in both parties praised the proposals. But key Republicans who may hold the balance of power took a cautious approach. The President's plea came in a special message that accompanied a bill brimming with weapons against racial discrimination in stores, hotels and other public places, in schools, in jobs, in polling booths. He asked for a law banning discrimination by any privately owned enterprise that serves the public. He asked power for the Attorney General to start school desegregation court suits on his own. He asked for a massive program to train unskilled Negroes and others for higher paying jobs. He asked for the right to withhold Federal aid from a project when local officials discriminate against Negroes. He asked for much other legislation. And, in a real sense, he may have asked for one of the great legislative battles in American history...

More than 2000 Negro and white demonstrators marched through Washington on Friday in a civil rights protest that had the air of a happy summer outing until they met Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy. The confrontation with Kennedy seemed to dispel the pleasant, friendly, almost festive atmosphere that had prevailed during the hot afternoon. The demonstrators grew angry because Kennedy kept them waiting in the hot sun for about a quarter of an hour and, when he arrived, Kennedy grew annoyed as he spied some home made signs charging racial discrimination in the Justice Department. Kennedy, standing on a rostrum at the door of the Justice Building, denied this. "Any individual can come here and get a job if he is qualified," he said. At the end of his speech, there were more cheers than boos. Despite this mutual irritation, the demonstration contrasted sharply with other racial protests that have erupted through out the Nation. There was no violence...

William C. Foster, United States disarmament director, predicts a safe passage in the Senate for any nuclear test ban treaty signed by Russia and the West. He does not agree with those who predict that a treaty would provoke the most bruising battle in the Senate since the proposal to join the League of Nations after World War I. Nor does he believe it would suffer the same dismal fate. “It would be tough,” the 66-year-old Mr. Foster said in an interview, “but we could get a treaty through the Senate." Mr. Foster, director of the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, will not take part in the United States-British-Russian nuclear test-ban treaty negotiations in Moscow next month. But, from his office here, he will back up the efforts of the American negotiators. The chief negotiator for the United States at the Moscow talks, scheduled for next month, will be Undersecretary of State Averell Harriman...

President Kennedy outlined a broad legislative program on civil rights Tuesday night and asked the American people for help in ending racial discrimination and in stemming “the rising tide of discontent that perils the public safety". The President spoke to the nation after Gov. George C. Wallace of Alabama had bowed to federal pressure and stepped aside so two Negro students could register at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa. In his radio-television talk, the President cited the Alabama crisis in making his appeal and outlining his legislative program. He said he will ask Congress next week for legislation that would: 1. Prohibit stores, hotels restaurants and theaters from discriminating against Negroes 2. Allow the federal government to take a more active part to court suits aimed at desegregating public schools 3. Allow Negroes to take advantage of their right to vote. But the President said that legislation alone would not do the job of insuring that the U.S. Constitution is color-blind...

President Kennedy announced Monday that the United States, Russia and Britain have agreed to send high-level negotiators to Moscow next month in a fresh start at hammering out a nuclear test-ban treaty. He said the agreement to start the high-level talks had been reached by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan and himself. In the meantime, the President announced, the United States will not conduct any nuclear tests in the atmosphere - so long as the Soviet Union and other nations hold back on their tests, too. Mr. Kennedy spoke of the talks as a badly needed first start on negotiations "where the end is in sight." But he cautioned that his announcements were "no substitute for a formal binding treaty - but I hope it will help us achieve it." British officials seemed more optimistic...

President Kennedy outlined a broad legislative program on civil rights tonight and asked the American people for help in ending racial discrimination and in stemming "the rising tide of discontent that perils the public safety." The President spoke to the nation after Gov. George C. Wallace of Alabama bowed to federal pressure and stepped aside so two Negro students could register at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa. In his radio-television talk, the President cited the Alabama crisis in making his appeal and outlining his legislative program...

Sometimes a Congressman casts a vote that eventually puts money in his own purse. If he found someone else in government making a self-serving decision like that, the congressman would arch his brow, pound his fist and bellow. The cry of "conflict of interest" would resound against the walls. But no one, or at least hardly any one, arches, pounds, or bellows when the congressman casts his vote. There are 535 members of Congress. Of these, 315 are lawyers, some still allied with active, lucrative law firms representing a host of different clients. Thirty-three congressmen have some form of interest in banks, trust companies, or savings & loan associations. Twenty-three congressmen or their families have some sort of interest in radio or television stations. A handful of members are farmers, voting on farm legislation. Far more than a handful own stocks, sometimes in heavy amounts, in interests ranging from oil to soda water...

[Chief Justice Earl Warren has called for a great national debate on three proposed constitutional amendments. In this last of three articles, Stanley Meisler discusses the two amendments aimed at the Supreme Court.] Chief Justice Warren has chided lawyers for their silence about three constitutional amendments. Warren's irritation is not surprising. Two of the amendments are aimed right at his court. "For the bar of America to be as inactive as it has been in this situation," he said recently, "is almost an abdication of its responsibility to the public." As head of the Supreme Court, Warren did not take a position on the amendments, but he clearly was concerned that, with little or no debate, sixteen state legislatures had approved at least one of three amendments. If any amendment wins support from 34 states, Congress must call a national convention to accept or reject it...

[Chief Justice Earl Warren has called for a great national debate on three proposed constitutional amendments that have quietly slipped through sixteen state legislatures. One of these amendments would change the way of amending the Constitution. In this second of three articles, Stanley Meisler analyzes this amendment.] States righters quietly trying to push three new amendments into the United States Constitution have a long, rocky, weaving road ahead. Without fanfare, the legislatures of sixteen states have approved resolutions asking congress to call a national convention to consider these amendments aimed at curtailing the powers of the Federal Government. But the states vary in their likes and dislikes, and not all sixteen have voted for the same amendments. Only one amendment so far has attracted as many as twelve states. The states righters need at least 34 states to take a long first step on the rough constitutional road...

[Chief Justice Earl Warren has taken America's lawyers to task for remaining silent while sixteen states approved at least one of three proposed states rights amendments to the United Slates Constitution. In this first of three articles, Stanley Meisler describes the strange, silent drive behind these amendments aimed at curtailing Federal Government powers.] Without trumpeting or the beating of drums, sixteen states have slipped into a strange, silent parade to amend the United States Constitution and curtail the power of the Federal Government. These states have approved at least one of three proposed constitutional amendments designed by men piqued at the United States Supreme Court and alarmed at the ballooning power of Washington. "If proposals of this magnitude had been made in the early days of the Republic," Chief Justice Earl Warren said recently, ''the voices of the lawyers of that time would have been heard from one end of our land to the other." Warren has called for a great national debate, and, of late, a chorus of opposition has started to sound...

The dark lean man joins President Kennedy. They chat on the yacht, Honey Fitz, at Palm Beach. They laugh during the Army-Navy football game in Philadelphia. They applaud a performance of "Irma la Douce" at Washington's National theater. They dine at a private party in the White House. Their friendship and companionship is rare and near unprecedented in Washington. The lean man, a year younger than the President has a high forehead, long swept-back hair, and a sharp very British nose. He is Sir David Ormsby Gore, a friend of John F. Kennedy from younger, more carefree days. He is a politician. He is the heir of a nobleman. And he is the British ambassador to the United States. Traditionally a British ambassador should be a career diplomat, advanced in years, prim and proper in his dealings with the chief of state. Ormsby Gore is a politician in his first post as ambassador, the only political appointment in the entire British foreign service, 44 years old, and the constant companion of his old friend Jack, who happens to be chief of state...

FOREIGN AID PATTERN - Will the developing nations have to adjust their sights and hopes to meet the new look in American foreign aid? Officials at the Agency for International Development (AID) have declined to divulge just how the new guidelines for foreign aid will affect specific nations. But non-government experts surveyed by the Associated Press have applied the principles laid down by Gen. Lucius Clay's special study committee and by President Kennedy in his foreign aid message to congress on Tuesday, and generally have come up with these conclusions...

Rep. Otto Passman, D-La., said today he finally feels vindicated in his long battle against foreign aid "but vindicated in words, not in action." So he still will wield his ax when President Kennedy's $4.5 billion foreign aid bill comes his way. For nine years, the ax of this dapper, jocular 62-year-old businessman from Monroe, La., has been a major obstacle for any foreign aid bill trying to wend its way through Capitol Hill. No bill has emerged unscathed. Passman derives his power from his position as chairman of the House Appropriations subcommittee on foreign operations. He derives his distaste for foreign aid from a simple philosophy, "Head to a bar tonight and watch some people drinking cocktails," he said in an Interview. "Then watch the drama that unfolds each time the waiter brings the check. Everyone grabs for it. We are a nation of check grabbers...."

Many congressmen grumble about the seniority system in Congress, but few want to do anything about it. In 1811, a freshman, Henry Clay of Kentucky, was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives. That could not happen today. Time has clamped a tradition of seniority on Congress. No new congressman dares dream now of reaching the cores of power and influence without waiting his turn in a long line. As usual Congress opened this year with voices both inside and out calling for change. The voices include those of former President Dwight D. Eisenhower and reportedly President Kennedy...

In 1914 when Carl Vinson, a 31-year-old Democrat from Georgia, came to Congress for the first time, the entire staff was made up of one secretary, paid $125 a month. The law allowed him and all other congressmen no more. Today Vinson has four members on his staff. The average representative is allowed to hire up to nine at an overall cost of $4000 a month. The average senator usually hires more. And so may the congressional committees. In a rush to keep pace with the onslaught of modern pressures, Congress has created its own private bureaucracy that now numbers more than 7,000 people and costs more than $50 million a year. There’s a chance it soon will get bigger and costlier. This week the House will debate a proposal, approved by its Administration Committee, to increase the office expenses of each congressman by $10,506 a year so he can add still another employee to his payroll. The huge bureaucracy on Capitol Hill has provoked criticism particularly from Sen. Allen J. Ellender, D-La., who leads a futile fight each year to wipe out a good number of the Senate's subcommittee staffs...

[Uncle Sam has spent billions trying to control floods and more billions are committed for the huge job. Still floods exact a heavy toll in property and human misery each year. So is the spending worthwhile? Those most concerned with the program say yes. Their argument: If it weren't for the controls, the $600-$70O million damage bill the public pays each year would be far higher. Stanley Meisler explores the whole complex problem in the following story.] Government officials estimate that the nation's network of levees, dams, and reservoirs each year saves $600-milllon worth of property from destruction by the ravaging rivers of America. Despite this, the rivers have not been tamed. Every year floods destroy $700 million worth of property and inflict widespread human misery. And the toll may be swelling. The great flood-control program of the country, begun in the late 1930s, has not eliminated or halved or even reduced substantially the damage from floods. But its sponsors say it has prevented damage from soaring to staggering heights and blocked catastrophies that might have stunted the growth of some industrial valleys and wrecked the economies of others...

[Christian A. Herter, U.S. trade negotiator, discusses in this exclusive interview the prospect for battering down foreign tariffs.] Christian A. Herter, special U.S. trade negotiator, said today he does not feel that the significance of his new job was shattered by the recent French veto of Britain's entry into the Common Market. "In some respects the veto enhanced the importance of the trade expansion program." Herter said in an interview. "It certainly complicated the matter." Just how much the matter has been complicated may become clear in the next two months when international trade experts meet in Geneva. The Geneva talks may determine whether Herter, armed with the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, can help batter down foreign tariffs and launch booming, new U.S. trade in the 1960s. Some congressmen have introduced bills that would amend the Trade Expansion Act to get around the French veto. The amendments would allow Herter to negotiate for the complete elimination of tariffs when the United States, the Common Market, and Britain together account for 80 per cent of the world's trade...

[EDITOR'S NOTE - Although the United States owns more than $3.8-billion worth of foreign currencies, it often has to dip into its own gold supply to meet expenditures abroad.] Rep. Adam Clayton Powell, D-N.Y., squired two good-looking, female assistants to the Lido night club in Paris last summer and paid his way with U.S.-owned francs. The night on the town provoked outcries back home. Powell had a quick defense. He quoted Secretary of the Treasury Douglas Dillon as saying if Powell and other congressmen didn't use these francs the U. S. government would have to burn them. "This is money going right down the drain," Powell said. Dillon said he had no recollection of making the remarks and added that he felt these funds "require the same prudent management and careful handling as any other moneys of the government." In fact, other administration officials say that most times that a congressman uses funds like these, he forces the United States to buy more foreign currencies with American dollars. Powell's night on the town, the outcry, his defense, and the denial by Dillon reflect one of the most complex and massive problems in American international finance... [article also published in the Congressional Record Appendix, 13 March 1963, p. A1354]

Pressures from industry, Congress, and the White House bear heavily on the U.S. government agencies that regulate business and industry. Do the agencies stand fast in the face of the barrage? Not everyone agrees they do. Once again, a debate is swirling about these agencies that make decisions that may mean millions of dollars to a television company, a gas company, a department store, a railroad, an airline or an investment company. The present debate was triggered a month ago by a three-page letter that a frustrated Federal Power Commission member sent to President Kennedy. The commissioner, Howard Morgan, wrote of "pressures generated by huge industries and focused with great skill on and against the sensitive areas of government." He talked of commissioners, in face of these pressures, giving in "too quickly to the present-day urge toward conformity, timidity and personal security." Morgan, who found himself outvoted on key commission decisions, wrote that he did not want reappointment as commissioner. The House Regulatory Agencies subcommittee will open hearings Wednesday on Morgan's charges...

For most Americans, one dynamic young man, Tom Mboya of Kenya, symbolizes the onrush of African nationalism in the last few years. On his several trips to the United States, he has been publicized in rallies, television shows, and newspaper interviews. He is, for America, the magazine cover boy of Africa. But despite all the American cheers, Mboya is in deep political trouble at home, and some of the trouble stems from those very cheers. Mboya has qualities that appeal to western taste. He is vigorous. He is efficient. He is moderate, though always frank and direct, in his speech. He seems to combine the shrewdness of a politician with the honor of a statesman. Even the British settlers in Kenya, long displeased with the American encouragement of Mboya, have now come to regard him as a main hope for their survival when the colony becomes independent, perhaps some time this year or next. They trust him and would help him. The vision of an independent Kenya led by Mboya has replaced their shattered dream of a white man's Kenya. But Mboya, now thirty-two, will not be at the helm when Kenya becomes independent...

A News Analysis - Is the present furor over Cuba based on fluff or substance? The real answer may lie in the secret correspondence of Soviet Premier Khrushchev and President Kennedy. In the last few weeks of controversy and confusion, an odd drama has been played In Washington. Critics first railed at the administration, crying that Soviet missiles and missile sites still remain in Cuba. The storm drove the administration into an unprecedented picture-show defense of its intelligence operations. But, in the defense, the administration revealed a concern and an uneasiness not about missile and missile sites but about the removal of Soviet troops. None of the published correspondence between Khrushchev and Kennedy contains any promise to remove Russian troops from Cuba. But the secret correspondence reportedly does. In short, the critics, still may have helped draw attention to a raw nerve of the administration on Cuba policy...

It is a cold winter day at the White House. A handful of pickets trudge through the snow. They have fasted and alternated in marching since the evening before. A snowstorm has buffeted them. Icy temperatures have numbed them. Their placards cry out: Ban the Bomb. Some men in khaki uniforms arrive. Police assign them another area of the sidewalk. The new arrivals, George Lincoln Rockwell and his American Nazis, are angry because five of their followers have been jailed in Philadelphia. "Jail Red Jews, not our anti-Communists," the Nazi placards say. The Nazis picket for 43 minutes and depart. Two smiling college students reach the scene. They, too, have a placard, and they picket, and wave it for 17 minutes. They have come to the capital only to find that the National Gallery of Art schedule for displaying a famous Leonardo da Vinci painting is such that, they won't get to view it. "We Want To See Mona Lisa," their placard pleads. A policeman notes their departure routinely. Neither the fast of the anti-bomb pickets nor the signs of the Nazis nor the antics of the college boys amaze or amuse him. They simply prove that one day is much like any other day on the sidewalk at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue...

The flood of recent writing about Africa has rushed in two directions. One has been the Tarzan-pygmy-Time Magazine-cannibal-witch doctor-Robert Ruark way. The other has been the slide rule and footnote way of the political scientist, studying the twists and turns of Dark Continent politicians as if they were all Lyndon Johnsons. But Africa is not a land of comic-strip characters or of leaders practiced in the fragile art of gentlemanly politics. Either approach ignores the human side of Africa. Anthropologists Melville J. Herskovits and Hortense Powdermaker, in their new books, try to illuminate just that... In The Human Factor in Changing Africa, Herskovits tries to summarize decades of scholarship, so that the general reader can make something of the mystifying and ever-changing events of the continent. Herskovits concerns himself mostly with how the impact of colonial rule changed African cultures, and with how the cultures themselves changed some of the European innovations... In Copper Town, Miss Powdermaker’s approach is much narrower, though her subject is as broad. She focuses on the town of Luanshya in the copperbelt of Northern Rhodesia and tries to define the moods and tensions of Africans caught in a swiftly changing society. She exploits the particular incident to illustrate the general movements in Africa...

For some Americans, an end to income taxes. For most, a cut. For a handful, a boost That’s the meaning of President Kennedy’s proposed tax changes. And for 6,500,000 Americans, the changes also would mean a shift in the way they figure out their income taxes. These 6,500,000 taxpayers would be nudged from itemizing their deductions into taking the standard 10 per cent deduction. For them this would make the tax cut less juicy than it might have been. No taxpayer should expect these changes to stuff his pockets with dollars overnight. President Kennedy said he does not want the changes to start until later this year and take full effect until 1965. And they won’t take effect at all if Congress doesn’t approve them...

The Katanga crisis is over. What are the lessons? Several American experts on Africa agree the world has learned that an effective United Nations can do a better job at ending trouble than a big power rushing in by itself. "One of the chief lessons", Prof. Carl. G. Rosberg, Jr. of the University of California said today, "is that the UN Secretary-General can act as an independent and effective agent in solving major disputes if he has a reliable body of supporters". Rosberg, a political scientist specializing in African affairs, was one of several experts in American universities, the State Department, and Congress, contacted by the Associated Press and asked: "What are the lessons of Katanga?"...

[Stanley Meisler, now a member of the Washington AP staff, interviewed Togo leaders last year while spending several months touring African nations] The United States likely can expect a far less friendly regime to succeed the one of murdered Sylvanus Olympio in the little land of Togo in West Africa. The situation in Togo still is unclear. But the first cloudy signs indicate that the men who assassinated President Olympio and left his body outside the U.S. Embassy Sunday want a militantly nationalist government, less tied to the West. The White House, when informed of Olympio's death, issued a statement that "the United States government is profoundly shocked by the news of the assassination. President Olympio was one of Africa's most distinguished leaders and was warmly received here on his recent visit to the United States." Three forces figure in the background of Togo's troubles: the persistence of tribalism, the influence of President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, and, most important, the impatience of radical youths. In Africa, young people, because they usually are more educated than their elders, occupy posts of greater importance than young people anywhere else in the world. Nevertheless, an older generation still controls the key positions of power...