Keepers Of Nationalism - The poverty of tribal, rural hinterlands may be Africa's most despairing problem, but it is in the atmosphere of cities that African leaders tackle the issue. African cities, bustling and impatient, are far away from tribal Africa with its huge and potentially supreme masses. Only 12% of the population between the Sahara Desert and South Africa live in cities. But urban Africa Is vital Africa. The cities are the keepers of nationalism. Their moods create the changes that make headlines and make the new Africa. To understand new Africa, an observer must catch the mood of its cities. Let us catch the mood of three and see three different African ways of adjusting to the modern world...

The 88th Congress opened for business Wednesday and dealt sudden death to conservative members' hopes of recapturing control of the key House Rules Committee. This victory for President Kennedy had been expected, but the size of his margin was a surprise. On the decisive vote in the House, his supporters won 235-196. The vote kept the size of the Rules Committee at 15 members. If Kennedy's forces had failed, it would have reverted to 12 members, leaving the committee in the grip of a coalition of conservative Republicans and Southern Democrats opposed to major elements of Kennedy's legislative program. The committee, which controls the flow of most legislation to the floor of the House, had been under the domination of this coalition until two years ago...

[Stanley Meisler, now a member of the Washington AP staff, interviewed Togo leaders last year while spending several months touring African nations] The United States likely can expect a far less friendly regime to succeed the one of murdered Sylvanus Olympio in the little land of Togo in West Africa. The situation in Togo still is unclear. But the first cloudy signs indicate that the men who assassinated President Olympio and left his body outside the U.S. Embassy Sunday want a militantly nationalist government, less tied to the West. The White House, when informed of Olympio's death, issued a statement that "the United States government is profoundly shocked by the news of the assassination. President Olympio was one of Africa's most distinguished leaders and was warmly received here on his recent visit to the United States." Three forces figure in the background of Togo's troubles: the persistence of tribalism, the influence of President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, and, most important, the impatience of radical youths. In Africa, young people, because they usually are more educated than their elders, occupy posts of greater importance than young people anywhere else in the world. Nevertheless, an older generation still controls the key positions of power...

The Katanga crisis is over. What are the lessons? Several American experts on Africa agree the world has learned that an effective United Nations can do a better job at ending trouble than a big power rushing in by itself. "One of the chief lessons", Prof. Carl. G. Rosberg, Jr. of the University of California said today, "is that the UN Secretary-General can act as an independent and effective agent in solving major disputes if he has a reliable body of supporters". Rosberg, a political scientist specializing in African affairs, was one of several experts in American universities, the State Department, and Congress, contacted by the Associated Press and asked: "What are the lessons of Katanga?"...

For some Americans, an end to income taxes. For most, a cut. For a handful, a boost That’s the meaning of President Kennedy’s proposed tax changes. And for 6,500,000 Americans, the changes also would mean a shift in the way they figure out their income taxes. These 6,500,000 taxpayers would be nudged from itemizing their deductions into taking the standard 10 per cent deduction. For them this would make the tax cut less juicy than it might have been. No taxpayer should expect these changes to stuff his pockets with dollars overnight. President Kennedy said he does not want the changes to start until later this year and take full effect until 1965. And they won’t take effect at all if Congress doesn’t approve them...

Reviews two books about Africa. "The Human Factor in Changing Africa," by Melville J. Herskovits; "Copper Town: Changing Africa. The Human Situation on the Rhodesian Copperbelt," by Hortense Powdermaker.

It is a cold winter day at the White House. A handful of pickets trudge through the snow. They have fasted and alternated in marching since the evening before. A snowstorm has buffeted them. Icy temperatures have numbed them. Their placards cry out: Ban the Bomb. Some men in khaki uniforms arrive. Police assign them another area of the sidewalk. The new arrivals, George Lincoln Rockwell and his American Nazis, are angry because five of their followers have been jailed in Philadelphia. "Jail Red Jews, not our anti-Communists," the Nazi placards say. The Nazis picket for 43 minutes and depart. Two smiling college students reach the scene. They, too, have a placard, and they picket, and wave it for 17 minutes. They have come to the capital only to find that the National Gallery of Art schedule for displaying a famous Leonardo da Vinci painting is such that, they won't get to view it. "We Want To See Mona Lisa," their placard pleads. A policeman notes their departure routinely. Neither the fast of the anti-bomb pickets nor the signs of the Nazis nor the antics of the college boys amaze or amuse him. They simply prove that one day is much like any other day on the sidewalk at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue...

A News Analysis - Is the present furor over Cuba based on fluff or substance? The real answer may lie in the secret correspondence of Soviet Premier Khrushchev and President Kennedy. In the last few weeks of controversy and confusion, an odd drama has been played In Washington. Critics first railed at the administration, crying that Soviet missiles and missile sites still remain in Cuba. The storm drove the administration into an unprecedented picture-show defense of its intelligence operations. But, in the defense, the administration revealed a concern and an uneasiness not about missile and missile sites but about the removal of Soviet troops. None of the published correspondence between Khrushchev and Kennedy contains any promise to remove Russian troops from Cuba. But the secret correspondence reportedly does. In short, the critics, still may have helped draw attention to a raw nerve of the administration on Cuba policy...

For most Americans, one dynamic young man, Tom Mboya of Kenya, symbolizes the onrush of African nationalism in the last few years. On his several trips to the United States, he has been publicized in rallies, television shows, and newspaper interviews. He is, for America, the magazine cover boy of Africa. But despite all the American cheers, Mboya is in deep political trouble at home, and some of the trouble stems from those very cheers. Mboya has qualities that appeal to western taste. He is vigorous. He is efficient. He is moderate, though always frank and direct, in his speech. He seems to combine the shrewdness of a politician with the honor of a statesman. Even the British settlers in Kenya, long displeased with the American encouragement of Mboya, have now come to regard him as a main hope for their survival when the colony becomes independent, perhaps some time this year or next. They trust him and would help him. The vision of an independent Kenya led by Mboya has replaced their shattered dream of a white man's Kenya. But Mboya, now thirty-two, will not be at the helm when Kenya becomes independent...

Pressures from industry, Congress, and the White House bear heavily on the U.S. government agencies that regulate business and industry. Do the agencies stand fast in the face of the barrage? Not everyone agrees they do. Once again, a debate is swirling about these agencies that make decisions that may mean millions of dollars to a television company, a gas company, a department store, a railroad, an airline or an investment company. The present debate was triggered a month ago by a three-page letter that a frustrated Federal Power Commission member sent to President Kennedy. The commissioner, Howard Morgan, wrote of "pressures generated by huge industries and focused with great skill on and against the sensitive areas of government." He talked of commissioners, in face of these pressures, giving in "too quickly to the present-day urge toward conformity, timidity and personal security." Morgan, who found himself outvoted on key commission decisions, wrote that he did not want reappointment as commissioner. The House Regulatory Agencies subcommittee will open hearings Wednesday on Morgan's charges...

[EDITOR'S NOTE - Although the United States owns more than $3.8-billion worth of foreign currencies, it often has to dip into its own gold supply to meet expenditures abroad.] Rep. Adam Clayton Powell, D-N.Y., squired two good-looking, female assistants to the Lido night club in Paris last summer and paid his way with U.S.-owned francs. The night on the town provoked outcries back home. Powell had a quick defense. He quoted Secretary of the Treasury Douglas Dillon as saying if Powell and other congressmen didn't use these francs the U. S. government would have to burn them. "This is money going right down the drain," Powell said. Dillon said he had no recollection of making the remarks and added that he felt these funds "require the same prudent management and careful handling as any other moneys of the government." In fact, other administration officials say that most times that a congressman uses funds like these, he forces the United States to buy more foreign currencies with American dollars. Powell's night on the town, the outcry, his defense, and the denial by Dillon reflect one of the most complex and massive problems in American international finance... [article also published in the Congressional Record Appendix, 13 March 1963, p. A1354]

[Christian A. Herter, U.S. trade negotiator, discusses in this exclusive interview the prospect for battering down foreign tariffs.] Christian A. Herter, special U.S. trade negotiator, said today he does not feel that the significance of his new job was shattered by the recent French veto of Britain's entry into the Common Market. "In some respects the veto enhanced the importance of the trade expansion program." Herter said in an interview. "It certainly complicated the matter." Just how much the matter has been complicated may become clear in the next two months when international trade experts meet in Geneva. The Geneva talks may determine whether Herter, armed with the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, can help batter down foreign tariffs and launch booming, new U.S. trade in the 1960s. Some congressmen have introduced bills that would amend the Trade Expansion Act to get around the French veto. The amendments would allow Herter to negotiate for the complete elimination of tariffs when the United States, the Common Market, and Britain together account for 80 per cent of the world's trade...

[Uncle Sam has spent billions trying to control floods and more billions are committed for the huge job. Still floods exact a heavy toll in property and human misery each year. So is the spending worthwhile? Those most concerned with the program say yes. Their argument: If it weren't for the controls, the $600-$70O million damage bill the public pays each year would be far higher. Stanley Meisler explores the whole complex problem in the following story.] Government officials estimate that the nation's network of levees, dams, and reservoirs each year saves $600-milllon worth of property from destruction by the ravaging rivers of America. Despite this, the rivers have not been tamed. Every year floods destroy $700 million worth of property and inflict widespread human misery. And the toll may be swelling. The great flood-control program of the country, begun in the late 1930s, has not eliminated or halved or even reduced substantially the damage from floods. But its sponsors say it has prevented damage from soaring to staggering heights and blocked catastrophies that might have stunted the growth of some industrial valleys and wrecked the economies of others...

In 1914 when Carl Vinson, a 31-year-old Democrat from Georgia, came to Congress for the first time, the entire staff was made up of one secretary, paid $125 a month. The law allowed him and all other congressmen no more. Today Vinson has four members on his staff. The average representative is allowed to hire up to nine at an overall cost of $4000 a month. The average senator usually hires more. And so may the congressional committees. In a rush to keep pace with the onslaught of modern pressures, Congress has created its own private bureaucracy that now numbers more than 7,000 people and costs more than $50 million a year. There’s a chance it soon will get bigger and costlier. This week the House will debate a proposal, approved by its Administration Committee, to increase the office expenses of each congressman by $10,506 a year so he can add still another employee to his payroll. The huge bureaucracy on Capitol Hill has provoked criticism particularly from Sen. Allen J. Ellender, D-La., who leads a futile fight each year to wipe out a good number of the Senate's subcommittee staffs...

Many congressmen grumble about the seniority system in Congress, but few want to do anything about it. In 1811, a freshman, Henry Clay of Kentucky, was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives. That could not happen today. Time has clamped a tradition of seniority on Congress. No new congressman dares dream now of reaching the cores of power and influence without waiting his turn in a long line. As usual Congress opened this year with voices both inside and out calling for change. The voices include those of former President Dwight D. Eisenhower and reportedly President Kennedy...

Rep. Otto Passman, D-La., said today he finally feels vindicated in his long battle against foreign aid "but vindicated in words, not in action." So he still will wield his ax when President Kennedy's $4.5 billion foreign aid bill comes his way. For nine years, the ax of this dapper, jocular 62-year-old businessman from Monroe, La., has been a major obstacle for any foreign aid bill trying to wend its way through Capitol Hill. No bill has emerged unscathed. Passman derives his power from his position as chairman of the House Appropriations subcommittee on foreign operations. He derives his distaste for foreign aid from a simple philosophy, "Head to a bar tonight and watch some people drinking cocktails," he said in an Interview. "Then watch the drama that unfolds each time the waiter brings the check. Everyone grabs for it. We are a nation of check grabbers...."

FOREIGN AID PATTERN - Will the developing nations have to adjust their sights and hopes to meet the new look in American foreign aid? Officials at the Agency for International Development (AID) have declined to divulge just how the new guidelines for foreign aid will affect specific nations. But non-government experts surveyed by the Associated Press have applied the principles laid down by Gen. Lucius Clay's special study committee and by President Kennedy in his foreign aid message to congress on Tuesday, and generally have come up with these conclusions...

The dark lean man joins President Kennedy. They chat on the yacht, Honey Fitz, at Palm Beach. They laugh during the Army-Navy football game in Philadelphia. They applaud a performance of "Irma la Douce" at Washington's National theater. They dine at a private party in the White House. Their friendship and companionship is rare and near unprecedented in Washington. The lean man, a year younger than the President has a high forehead, long swept-back hair, and a sharp very British nose. He is Sir David Ormsby Gore, a friend of John F. Kennedy from younger, more carefree days. He is a politician. He is the heir of a nobleman. And he is the British ambassador to the United States. Traditionally a British ambassador should be a career diplomat, advanced in years, prim and proper in his dealings with the chief of state. Ormsby Gore is a politician in his first post as ambassador, the only political appointment in the entire British foreign service, 44 years old, and the constant companion of his old friend Jack, who happens to be chief of state...

[Chief Justice Earl Warren has taken America's lawyers to task for remaining silent while sixteen states approved at least one of three proposed states rights amendments to the United Slates Constitution. In this first of three articles, Stanley Meisler describes the strange, silent drive behind these amendments aimed at curtailing Federal Government powers.] Without trumpeting or the beating of drums, sixteen states have slipped into a strange, silent parade to amend the United States Constitution and curtail the power of the Federal Government. These states have approved at least one of three proposed constitutional amendments designed by men piqued at the United States Supreme Court and alarmed at the ballooning power of Washington. "If proposals of this magnitude had been made in the early days of the Republic," Chief Justice Earl Warren said recently, ''the voices of the lawyers of that time would have been heard from one end of our land to the other." Warren has called for a great national debate, and, of late, a chorus of opposition has started to sound...

[Chief Justice Earl Warren has called for a great national debate on three proposed constitutional amendments that have quietly slipped through sixteen state legislatures. One of these amendments would change the way of amending the Constitution. In this second of three articles, Stanley Meisler analyzes this amendment.] States righters quietly trying to push three new amendments into the United States Constitution have a long, rocky, weaving road ahead. Without fanfare, the legislatures of sixteen states have approved resolutions asking congress to call a national convention to consider these amendments aimed at curtailing the powers of the Federal Government. But the states vary in their likes and dislikes, and not all sixteen have voted for the same amendments. Only one amendment so far has attracted as many as twelve states. The states righters need at least 34 states to take a long first step on the rough constitutional road...

[Chief Justice Earl Warren has called for a great national debate on three proposed constitutional amendments. In this last of three articles, Stanley Meisler discusses the two amendments aimed at the Supreme Court.] Chief Justice Warren has chided lawyers for their silence about three constitutional amendments. Warren's irritation is not surprising. Two of the amendments are aimed right at his court. "For the bar of America to be as inactive as it has been in this situation," he said recently, "is almost an abdication of its responsibility to the public." As head of the Supreme Court, Warren did not take a position on the amendments, but he clearly was concerned that, with little or no debate, sixteen state legislatures had approved at least one of three amendments. If any amendment wins support from 34 states, Congress must call a national convention to accept or reject it...

Sometimes a Congressman casts a vote that eventually puts money in his own purse. If he found someone else in government making a self-serving decision like that, the congressman would arch his brow, pound his fist and bellow. The cry of "conflict of interest" would resound against the walls. But no one, or at least hardly any one, arches, pounds, or bellows when the congressman casts his vote. There are 535 members of Congress. Of these, 315 are lawyers, some still allied with active, lucrative law firms representing a host of different clients. Thirty-three congressmen have some form of interest in banks, trust companies, or savings & loan associations. Twenty-three congressmen or their families have some sort of interest in radio or television stations. A handful of members are farmers, voting on farm legislation. Far more than a handful own stocks, sometimes in heavy amounts, in interests ranging from oil to soda water...

President Kennedy outlined a broad legislative program on civil rights tonight and asked the American people for help in ending racial discrimination and in stemming "the rising tide of discontent that perils the public safety." The President spoke to the nation after Gov. George C. Wallace of Alabama bowed to federal pressure and stepped aside so two Negro students could register at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa. In his radio-television talk, the President cited the Alabama crisis in making his appeal and outlining his legislative program...

President Kennedy announced Monday that the United States, Russia and Britain have agreed to send high-level negotiators to Moscow next month in a fresh start at hammering out a nuclear test-ban treaty. He said the agreement to start the high-level talks had been reached by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan and himself. In the meantime, the President announced, the United States will not conduct any nuclear tests in the atmosphere - so long as the Soviet Union and other nations hold back on their tests, too. Mr. Kennedy spoke of the talks as a badly needed first start on negotiations "where the end is in sight." But he cautioned that his announcements were "no substitute for a formal binding treaty - but I hope it will help us achieve it." British officials seemed more optimistic...

President Kennedy outlined a broad legislative program on civil rights Tuesday night and asked the American people for help in ending racial discrimination and in stemming “the rising tide of discontent that perils the public safety". The President spoke to the nation after Gov. George C. Wallace of Alabama had bowed to federal pressure and stepped aside so two Negro students could register at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa. In his radio-television talk, the President cited the Alabama crisis in making his appeal and outlining his legislative program. He said he will ask Congress next week for legislation that would: 1. Prohibit stores, hotels restaurants and theaters from discriminating against Negroes 2. Allow the federal government to take a more active part to court suits aimed at desegregating public schools 3. Allow Negroes to take advantage of their right to vote. But the President said that legislation alone would not do the job of insuring that the U.S. Constitution is color-blind...

William C. Foster, United States disarmament director, predicts a safe passage in the Senate for any nuclear test ban treaty signed by Russia and the West. He does not agree with those who predict that a treaty would provoke the most bruising battle in the Senate since the proposal to join the League of Nations after World War I. Nor does he believe it would suffer the same dismal fate. “It would be tough,” the 66-year-old Mr. Foster said in an interview, “but we could get a treaty through the Senate." Mr. Foster, director of the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, will not take part in the United States-British-Russian nuclear test-ban treaty negotiations in Moscow next month. But, from his office here, he will back up the efforts of the American negotiators. The chief negotiator for the United States at the Moscow talks, scheduled for next month, will be Undersecretary of State Averell Harriman...

More than 2000 Negro and white demonstrators marched through Washington on Friday in a civil rights protest that had the air of a happy summer outing until they met Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy. The confrontation with Kennedy seemed to dispel the pleasant, friendly, almost festive atmosphere that had prevailed during the hot afternoon. The demonstrators grew angry because Kennedy kept them waiting in the hot sun for about a quarter of an hour and, when he arrived, Kennedy grew annoyed as he spied some home made signs charging racial discrimination in the Justice Department. Kennedy, standing on a rostrum at the door of the Justice Building, denied this. "Any individual can come here and get a job if he is qualified," he said. At the end of his speech, there were more cheers than boos. Despite this mutual irritation, the demonstration contrasted sharply with other racial protests that have erupted through out the Nation. There was no violence...

President Kennedy asked members of Congress on Wednesday to look into their hearts and help end "rancor, violence, disunity and national shame" by passing the most sweeping civil rights bill since Reconstruction days. And he told them to stay in session this year until they do so. His proposals drew a favorable reaction in Congress. But Southerners served notice of a filibuster and threatened to tie up his entire legislative program. Liberal forces in both parties praised the proposals. But key Republicans who may hold the balance of power took a cautious approach. The President's plea came in a special message that accompanied a bill brimming with weapons against racial discrimination in stores, hotels and other public places, in schools, in jobs, in polling booths. He asked for a law banning discrimination by any privately owned enterprise that serves the public. He asked power for the Attorney General to start school desegregation court suits on his own. He asked for a massive program to train unskilled Negroes and others for higher paying jobs. He asked for the right to withhold Federal aid from a project when local officials discriminate against Negroes. He asked for much other legislation. And, in a real sense, he may have asked for one of the great legislative battles in American history...

Negroes have less chance than whites to get a high-paying job in the North, but most employers and unions deny this stems from racial discrimination. Negro leaders generally contend it does. In Chicago, for example, they say that hardly anyone downtown hires Negroes as office workers, store clerks, or skilled craftsmen. "The Loop of Chicago looks like a snowstorm at 5 o'clock," says Hamp McKinney of the Urban League of Chicago, "with only here and there a little brown speck in it." But employers and unions say that situations like this are not caused by racial discrimination. They say there are not enough qualified Negroes to fill the jobs available. Negro charges of job discrimination have flamed into one of the most searing problems in the North, where almost half of America's 19 million Negroes live...

A month ago, three college educated Negroes received promotions in the Dallas, (Tex.), Post Office. What pushed them ahead — ability or the color of their skins? The promotion of the three set off a tempest in Dallas and in Washington. Some critics cried discrimination against whites. This Dallas controversy may be a harbinger of things to come, for tempests like it may brew again and again in the Negro struggle for better jobs and better conditions. Representative Alger, Republican of Texas, who represents Dallas, says the promotions there show that, “in a direct appeal to racial prejudice and in an effort to submit to threats of violence, the administration has ordered that Civil Service procedures be ignored and promotions made strictly on the basis of race." Clarence Mitchell, Washington representative of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, dismisses this argument. “The Dallas promotions.” he says, “were just one of those things where the Government is trying to correct an inequity.”

Investigators of the Securities and Exchange Commission criticized the mechanics and policing of America's stock exchanges Wednesday and recommended dozens of sweeping changes. The scope of the criticism and the proposals was unexpected. The recommendations would do away with personal floor trading, put more restrictions on stock specialists and odd-lot traders, and give the SEC more supervision over the vast over-the-counter market in the United States. William L. Cary, chairman of the SEC, sent the five-volume, 14-pound, 2100-page report to Congress. "We expect to send a letter within the next few clays detailing our views on the specific recommendations," he told Congress. But Cary did say: "This report should not impair public confidence in the securities markets, but should strengthen it as suggestions for raising standards are put into practice." Prices on the New York Stock Exchange slumped badly as soon as the news from the capital reached New York. Some traders on Wall Street said they were shocked at the proposals...

For the first time, the United States is at the door of the International Monetary Fund as a borrower. Few people prophesied this when the Fund was founded at the United Nations Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. But obviously times have changed. The United States which had huge supplies of gold in the early postwar period, has found its supplies dwindling. That is why President Kennedy told Congress Thursday that the United States has been authorized to draw up to $500 million worth of currencies from the Fund this year. This transaction is a classic example of how a nation uses the Fund when it has a balance of payments problem. That's what the Fund is for, and other countries have been using it for years. The United States has a balance of payments problem because it sends more dollars overseas than it takes in...

This article reports the National Draft Goldwater Independence Day Rally, staged by the National Draft Goldwater Committee, held on July 4, 1963, in Washington, D.C. This Republican national convention was held for convincing every participants, specially politicians and reporters, to nominate Republican Barry Goldwater. The arranging Committee was headed by Texas Republican Chairman Peter O'Donnell, Jr. The main focus during the convention was on youths. The young people much preferred to think of their so-called hero, Goldwater. The rally was much dominated by youth and Dixie.

Is President Kennedy’s legislative program stuck in the bogs of Congress? Some critics say so. The White House and Democratic leaders say it isn’t. Congress has passed July 31 - the suggested legal date for adjournment - with only a few bills of substance to show for it. This session will go on at least to Thanksgiving and perhaps to Christmas, the longest spell since the Congress of 1950. “It seems to me that on the basis of the record to date” said Sen. Jacob K Javits, R-N.Y., in a recent Senate speech “we are assigning ourselves a unique niche in history as the biggest and longest running, slow-motion show to hit Washington in years. And I believe we are in grave danger of seeing ourselves dubbed the 'standstill' Congress, or worse. ” Speaker John W. McCormack of Massachusetts disagrees...

The civil rights marchers may not see it all, but this is a city nerved by power, lined with marble, vibrant with areas of beauty and blighted by contrasting areas of squalor. It is a city of great monuments and slums, of complex law and petty crime, of history and lethargy. To the 100,000 or more civil rights marchers expected here Wednesday, Washington will be a symbol of national power, a capital where men and women petition for redress of grievance. They will gather at the base of the soaring Washington Monument, the center of a vast complex of greenery and marble, a monument that looks east to the Capitol, north to the White House, west to the Lincoln Memorial and south to the Jefferson Memorial and the Tidal Basin rimmed with cherry trees. Then they will march a few blocks down huge avenues and across parklands to the Lincoln Memorial, a temple in the style of the Parthenon in Greece. These are the symbols of government and beauty and history that draw almost 5 million tourists to Washington each year. But Washington has other faces, too...

No Evidence of Any Effect on Congress - The historic civil rights march on Washington - massive and orderly and moving - has dramatized the wants of Negroes in America, but leaders still faced the task today of trying to turn drama into action. Speaker after speaker told the 200,000 Negro and white sympathizers massed in front of the Lincoln Memorial Wednesday that their demonstration was no more than a beginning. 'Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content,' said the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., 'will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual.' Demonstrators and their leaders made it clear that one sign of progress, in their view, would be congressional approval of President Kennedy's civil rights bill...

Harry and Sadie, a mythical American couple have pencils in hand trying to figure out how much they will save if Congress vote for a tax cut. A tax bill comes before the House on Tuesday. If the House passes it and then the Senate passes it and President Kennedy signs it - and no one changes it along the way - this is what a tax cut will mean. Harry, a schoolteacher, earns $6000 a year. Sadie, in her spare moments while taking care of two children, makes and sells dresses to neighbors for a profit of $1500 a year...

[The tax bill which has cleared the House and now awaits Senate action involves far more than a cut in tax rates. It is a complicated measure involving many other changes. Here are some questions and answers on how it might affect you.] The tax bill approved yesterday by the House would reduce income taxes by $11,000,000,000 for the nation as a whole. If the Senate passes it in its present form, what will the measure do for you? Here are answers to some of the questions a puzzled taxpayer might be raising: Question - Will this mean more money in my pocket? Answer - The Treasury Department says "virtually every American taxpayer" will pay less taxes if the bill is approved by Congress. Q. - How much more money? A. - That depends on your income. For example, the Treasury figures that average tax reductions for those in the $5,000-$10,000 income range will be about 20 percent. Using percentages, the biggest tax cuts will go to those earning less than $10,000 a year. But, whatever the percentage, those with high salaries will usually get more dollars in their pocket than those with lower salaries...

The article presents information about U.S. politics. The Republican candidate Barry Goldwater presented his precise views on the problem of civil rights. First, he made it clear that he considered States' rights the cornerstone of the republic. He did not see any conflict between States' rights and civil rights. On any particular issue, either one or the other counted, never both. Voting, for example, was clearly a civil right, and no state had the right to take this away from an individual. Goldwater stayed with these views as late as the University of Mississippi crisis last year.